Talking to Brian Smith about the similarities between the community engagement/practice relationship that I am interested in, and his work on political engagement (now just started in the purdah period leading up to the election) / civil service policy development, he refers me to Sherry Arnstein’s ‘ladder of citizen participation’ concept’ first outlined in American Institute of Planning (AIP) Journal July 1969:
citizen control user-owned
delegated power user-led degrees of citizen power
partnership user-partnered
placation user-involved
consultation user-consulted degrees of tokenism
informing user-informed
therapy user-placated non-participation